Bilingualism ( bilingual ) - is fluent in two languages simultaneously. Bilingual person is able to use two languages interchangeably , depending on the situation and the person with whom he communicates .
According to some researchers , bilinguals in the world than monolinguals . It is known that about 70% of the world's population to some extent owned by two or more languages.
It is believed that bilingualism has a positive effect on the development of memory , the ability to understand, analyze and discuss the phenomenon of language, intelligence, speed of reaction , math skills and logic. Fully developing bilinguals tend to learn well and better than others learn abstract sciences , literature and other foreign languages.
Since the experience of linguistic communication in a bilingual child is much wider , he is more interested in the etymology of words. He soon begins to realize that the same concept can be expressed in different ways in different languages. Sometimes kids come up with their own etymology of the words , comparing the two languages .
If parents do not pay attention to the child's language development , that is, do not plan on what language to communicate with the child, mixed languages , the child will make a lot of mistakes in both languages.
To avoid this , you need to think in advance how communication will take place in each language. Most favorable for the formation of billingvizma is an option, in which communication occurs in both languages from birth.
In the literature, a lot of talk about the principle of " one parent - one language ." That is, referring to the parent -child always , in all situations, speaks the same language , without mixing . At the same time , nothing bad 's going to happen if a child hears that the parent is able to speak another language , it becomes clear that he himself may speak different languages.
Impact on the learning process :
Age at which started mastering a second language . In cases where the child masters the two languages before the age of three years, he has two stages ( NV Imedadze ) first child mixes two languages, then begins to separate them from each other . For nearly three years, the child begins to clearly distinguish one language from another. At the end of the third year of life , and some 4 years cease to mix languages . Child 4-5 years tends to contacts, it attracts the opportunity to rhyme words. He seeks to find out what means this or that word and name objects . In six years, he actively uses the language in the game with peers.
It is believed that is equivalent vledenie two languages - is impossible. Absolute bilingualism involves completely identical language skills in all communication situations . Achieve this impossible. This is due to the fact that the experiences that the child has acquired , using the same language , will always differ from the experience gained with the use of another language. Most often, the child prefers to use different languages in different situations. For example, in situations related to learning , with tehnicheskomi aspects of knowledge, preference will be given to one language, but in emotional situations related to the family - more. Emotions associated with one language will always be different from the emotions that are associated with each other.
If a child ovladevayuet second language at school age , we are talking about the so-called successiveness ( sequential ) billingvizme . He seizes another language. In this case, the child constantly compares the two- language : sounds are perceived " contrast " with the sounds of their first language . The same thing happens with respect to the grammatical aspects of the language.
What are the features of speech development in bilingual children ?
later they master speech ;
vocabulary in each language is often less than that of their peers who speak the same language, with the amount of words in the vocabulary of a child more .
in the absence of systematic studies can be assimilated enough grammar
may have difficulty in mastering a second language writing ;
in the absence of practice may be a gradual loss of the non-dominant native language.
A situation may arise in which the child refuses to learn Russian , speak on it. It is possible that the language he acquired the status of a "weak " compared to the " powerful " French or Flemish . He admires the dominant language and shy to use "weak" Russian . For example, I was approached by a woman whose daughter in 12 years refused to speak to her in Russian , and demanded that the mother turned to her in French. In such a situation it is necessary to help the child to form the motivation to continue to communicate in Russian . Important to create the perception of Russian as a " prestigious language." The child must feel that communication in Russian will allow him to communicate with people important to him ( relatives living in Russia with whom he can talk on the phone, or with which he sees , when he goes home, with friends from the Russian-speaking community , watch movies, read books with their parents , etc., depending on what is important to the child ) .
It is important to give a positive assessment of the child's bilingualism to knowledge of two languages was seen as a necessary and positive quality . Need to praise the child for trying to encourage him.
The family can be as brake language learning and enhance motivation of the child. Great importance is how to relate to his family and to the foreign culture , that is the prevailing strategy of acculturation in the family.
Canadian psychologist Berry developed a classification of different adaptation strategies among immigrants .
Berry talked with immigrants , asking them about how to change their behavior after the move , what values are preserved and which have disappeared, that of a former life (holidays, traditions. Language , etc.) , they moved to a new stage , and what is left in the past. According to the scientist , how successful immigrant flows to the process of adapting to a new country can be determined by asking him two questions.
Is it important for you to maintain your own culture ?
How actively you participate in contact with a foreign culture in a new country ?
On the basis of interviews were identified four possible strategies of acculturation immigrants independent of the national mentality .
assimilation ( rejection of their past cultural values and norms , voluntary or forced orientation of the culture of the country of entry until completely dissolved in it)
separatism ( the preservation of their norms and values in preference with respect to the culture of the country of entry)
integration (the desire to combine their own cultural values and values of the host society;
marginalization (rejection from both one, and from other cultures ) .
Integration strategy , in which the synthesis of the two cultures - the most successful . With this strategy Shaven less likely to develop a variety of psychological disorders. Choosing integration strategy to reduce the effects of culture shock and helps to maintain a positive self-identity.
If parents are isolated from the culture of the host community , and the child , on the contrary , seeks to complete assimilation , there is a danger that the existing ideas about the world from their parents will eventually become very different from those that the child has acquired in school. This situation will lead to conflicts and communication gap between generations .
Give an example of the reverse situation . A boy of 15 years was taken out by parents in Belgium, when he was 12 . He did not accept the new culture and constantly talk about the superiority of the entire Russian . Feels lost , rejected the opportunity to make friends and communicate with the Belgians . Blames parents that they took him from Russia , deprived of his friends. Recognized that writes bad as in Russian and French. Talks about his desire to die . His dream - after high school to go to Russia and to serve in the army .
What's going on ? Teenager experiencing an identity crisis . He feels vulnerable , due to the marginal position of his family in the new society . In his quest to find a role model , he refers to the image of a soldier , a defender. In the new society he finds a heroic figure. It is clear that the most favorable situation for the children - the adoption of family integration strategy .
In connection with the legend , it is necessary to the formation of schools, which would be given to the least preferred strategy of integration , that is, it is necessary that in the process of learning to pay attention not only to Russia but also universal culture . It is an education that would allow to preserve their language and culture and tolerant attitude to the culture of their country of residence . Important to create a positive perception of both cultures and languages. Besides Russian language study not only Russian children, but also those whose parents consider themselves to other ethnic groups ( Jews, Tatars , Amyan etc)
Scientists from St. Petersburg gave such schools name " dialog school cultures."
Such schools allow the child to take their belonging to both cultures .
What is important for children and adolescents in situations of migration?
security situation (no risk of eviction , understanding of the prospects for the future) ;
stimulating social contacts ;
variety of possibilities.
It is clear that communication with fellow countrymen can provide a stimulating social contacts . Important for the child to communicate with people who are interested in their needs , willing to listen to his stories of life. Structured social environment (studios , schools, clubs ) stimulate the development of the child if he imposed realistic requirements , encouraged his achievements and at the same time provide for the implementation of freedom of desires.
Both informal and structured environment can provide contacts with adults and peers who help uncover the child's ability to form social skills in the team.
Condition for the formation of identity is contact with the past , and with his past parents and grandparents , that is, knowledge of one's own cultural roots and maintain contacts with them . At the same time it is necessary to facilitate the integration of the child in the home country . This is facilitated by , for example, talk to your child about how other people live , what their traditions while also trying to be more tolerant and restrained with estimates of the local population. Tell your child about the culture and traditions of not only his country, but also the country where the family lives . Integration help and talk about the essence of a holiday that exists in the country of residence and their joint celebration , trips to museums, exhibitions, discussions seen.
What other difficulties can experience a child and teenager in a situation of migration?
Lack of social and psychological adaptation teenager can be expressed in vague ideas about the future. Some can be observed reduction of time perspective , that is, they are not able to think about the future and plan . Marginalization , lack of social status cause uncertainty about the future and nerealistichesuyu assess their professional prospects .
Adolescents and difficult task of adolescence base to reduce dependency on parents. As a child and teenager often quickly master a new language , there is an inversion of roles. Teen acts as translator, on an equal part in solving social problems arising from the family . Often they witness helplessness of parents in a given situation . Teen may feel responsible for what happens. For example, perceives the refusal of refugee status as a rejection of myself. He may feel alienated from both the parents and adults from those with whom he communicates in school.
It was found that adolescents refugees may be impaired ability to look at myself from the outside , they are less aware of the motives of their own behavior .
Children may experience emotional difficulties that are manifested in behavior. Frequent mood swings , tearfulness and increased moodiness at younger . Inability to finish the job and anxiety in older .
Warning signs can be as aggressive and excessive activity and apathy , depression and indifference . Problems may arise related to communication : children do not form social communication skills due to lack of communication.
Children may experience fear, distrust of people around , diffidence and indecision . Disturbances in communication can be in the over-reliance on the opinions of others .
